Respiration System in Humans, Animals, Insects and Plants

Respiration System in Humans, Animals, Insects and Plants        

Respiration 

What is Respiration?

Every cell needs energy, and hence needs food and oxygen. The process of taking oxygen  into the cell,oxidation of food with this oxygen and release of carbon dioxide and energy is called respiration.

Respiration  is a biochemical process it involves:

• Intake of oxygen from the environment
•  Oxidation of food with the help of oxygen taken in.
• Release of energy and carbon dioxide 
• elimination of carbon dioxide.

Therefore, we respire to get energy.

Types of respiration:-

Respiration is of two main type namely Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic Respiration

  Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen inside the body cells.

Glucose— in the presence of oxygen —CO2+ Water+ Energy

 Organism that use oxygen for respiration are called aerobes. Majority of animals and plants have aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic Respiration

  When glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen it is called anaerobic respiration.

The animals and plant that can survive and obtain energy even in the absence of oxygen are called anaerobes.

Aerobes respiration occurs in yeast, some bacteria and parasitic flatworms.

 In the absence of oxygen, glucose breakdown in completely into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Therefore, very small amount of energy is released.

Glucose— in the presence of oxygen — Ethyl alcohol+CO2+ Energy

The anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol is called fermentation.

During vigorous muscular activities such as fast running, brisk walking for heavy exercise, more energy is needed.Therefore, demand for oxygen also increases, but oxygen supply to muscles remains unchanged.

Glucose— in the presence of oxygen —Lactic acid+Energy

Under shortage  of oxygen, skeletal muscles respire anaerobically and glucose breakdown lactic acid releasing energy.

 Respiration in humans

 Respiratory organs in humans
Lungs are respiratory organs they are connected with the external air through nose nasal passage,larynx,pharynx,trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.

Nose and nasal passage 

we breathe air through nose of nostrils. The nostrils open into nasl places. In the nasal passages, air is filtered, and moistened before entering the lungs.

Human Lungs

Larynx 

The nasal cavity opens into larynx or voice box or Adam's Apple that connects the pharynx to the trachea. The opening of larynx or glottis is guarded by a leaf-like structure call epiglottis,which prevents the food from entering the windpipe.

 Trachea or Windpipe

The air from nasal passage reaches the lungs through trachea. It is divided into two bronchi which enter the respective lungs. Inside the lungs bronchi divide and redivide into bronchioles which further divide and finally and into air sacs or alveoli

Lungs

   Lungs are a pair of is spongy, highly elastic and bag - like structure. They are enclosed in  an airtight thoracic cavity which is format of backbones, ribs and sternum. A large musculardiaphragm forms  the floor ofthoracic cavity and separates it from the abdominal cavity.

 Lungs have numerous thin- walled and tiny air sacs called alveoli(sing.: alveolar). The surface of alveoli is covered with a fine network of blood capillaries. when we breath in, these alveolar get file with fresh air. Oxygen from this air enters the blood capillaries and carbon dioxide from blood comes out in the air.

   
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Process of respiration

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  Lung alveolar associated with a bronchiole having a network of blood capillaries on their surface

The process of respiration occurs in following steps

•  Taking air in and expelling from the lungs ( breathing)
• Exchange of gases between the air and the blood (in the lungs) (external respiration)
• Exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells(internal respiration)
• Breakdown of glucose inside the body cell (cellular respiration or Cell respiration)

 breathing in human the process of taking in fresh air for getting Oxygen and giving out used air is in carbon dioxide is called breathing. It is a physical or mechanical process. It is the process of pumping air into and out of the lungs. 

Mechanism of breathing

Inhalation

Breathing involves taking in air rich in oxygen into the lungs and giving out of carbon dioxide from the lungs. Taking  in air rich in oxygen into the lungs is called inhalation or inspiration.

Exhalation

 Giving out air rich in carbon dioxide is known as exhalation or expiration.

The rib muscles and muscles of diaphragm work together to aid in breathing.

 During inhalation

 ➤The ribs are rsised upards and outwards by the contraction of muscles and the diaphragm moves down.

change in chest cavity during inhalation

➤The volume of thoracic cavity and lungs increases and the air pressure inside the lungs decreases.

 ➤Air from the atmosphere having higher pressure rushes into lungs through nostrils and air passages and the lungs get filled with fresh air.

During exhalation

Change in chest cavity during exhalation

➤The ribs move downwards and inwards and the diaphragm moves upward (ribs and diagram return to the original position).

➤Air from the lungs is pushed out through air passage and nostrils.

What we Inhale and Exhale?

 We inhale and Excel air. But the composition of air inhaled and Exhaled is different.The air inhaled has more Oxygen and less carbon dioxide, while  the air exhaled has less Oxygen and more Carbon dioxide.

What is Breathing rate?

 Inhalation and exhalation occurs continuously and alternately. One breathe means one inhalation and one exhalation. The number of times a person breathe in a minute is termed as breathing rate.

What is the normal breathing rate

Normally we breathe 16-18 times per minute. Breathing rate increases upto 25 times per minute during fast running and heavy exercise.

External respiration

 During external respiration oxygen enters the blood from alveoli mand combines with haemoglobin to form a temporary compound called oxyhaemoglobin.
On the other hand carbon dioxide from the blood enters the alveoli in the lungs

 Internal Respiration

 On reaching the tissue cell, oxyhaemoglobin breaks down to  release the trapped oxygen. The released oxygen diffuses into the cells. On the other hand, carbon dioxide from the cell and the blood.

   Cellular respiration or Cell respiration

It is the chemical breakdown of glucose inside the cell. During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidised and produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Glucose— in the presence of oxygen —CO2+ Water+ Energy

Respiration in other animals

We have lungs for respiration. Frogs, snakes,crocodile, birds and other mammals also possess lungs. But, all animals do not have lungs. Animals like earthworms, Cockroaches, mosquitoes, snails and fish are without lungs. Their respiratory organs are much difference.

Respiration in Earthworm (cutaneousrespiration)

      Earthworm and leeches breathe only through skin. There is skin is moist and slimy, and has numerous blood capillaries. The exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide occurs between air and blood in the skin. This is called cutaneous respiration.

 Respiration in cockroach and other insects (Tracheal Respiration)

tracheal system  in a cockroach 

    The respiratory organs in insect are branched air tubes called tracheae. The air tube form a fine network inside their body and are in contact with the cells.They open on the body surface by  spairacles. The spiracles open and close to allow respiratory gases to move in and out of the air tubes.
 Oxygen- rich air enter the tracheal tubes      through spiracles and diffuse into every cell of the body.

Respiration in fishes (Aquatic Respiration)

Gills in fish

        Fishes and other animals living in water are called  aquatic animals. There respiratory organs are gills. They obtain oxygen dissolved in water when it passes over the gills.

Gills are projections of skin. These are formed of a large number of a gill filament with a network of fine blood capillaries. The oxygen dissolve in water enters the blood capillaries. Carbon dioxide present in capillary blood is released into water. 

The oxygenated blood from capillaries is taken  to heart and pumped to different parts of the body and blood from body tissues which has carbon dioxide is taken to gills for exchange of respiratory gases.

   Respiration in plants

Root hair obtain oxygen from air trapped in the air spaces present between soil particles

Plants respire like all other organism. Plant cell uses glucose and oxygen and release carbon dioxide, water and energy.

 ➤During daytime, carbon dioxide released by respiration is used for photosynthesis and oxygen produced during photosynthesis is utilised for respiration.
So, plants do not take oxygen during day.

 ➤ At night time, plants also take oxygen from the atmosphere and give out carbon dioxide.

 ➤Plants do not have respiratory organs to obtain oxygen from the atmosphere and give out carbon dioxide.

 ➤ Each part of plants can independently take in oxygen from the surrounding air and give out carbon dioxide.

 ➤ Transport of gases in plant takes place by the process of diffusion only.

 ➤ Different parts of plant Express by the process of diffusion only.

In leaves the leaves have tiny pores called stomata. The exchange of gases in leaves occurs through these tiny pores.

In stems young stems have stomata in leaves. In old Woody stems lenticels develop below the bark for gaseous exchange.

In roots: Root hair extend into air spaces present between the soil particles and take up oxygen from here.